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.lb: 6 =========================================================================== BOOK 1 ...FUTURE SYSTEMS by M.T.NADIR... PAGE $$$ =========================================================================== CHAPTER FOUR MEANDERINGS 1 It is commonly believed that the position and location in space (that an object assumes) does not change the nature of the object. (As far as I know, it does not.) That is todays' "scientific" assumption. I wonder if these "scienticif assumptions" have even been tested - and by whoM? And how? [Of course, they probably have not; why bother proving what you already "know" (i.e. assumed) to be true. There also are unscientific assumptions too which eventually can (e.g. will) be come "scientific".) 2 But, in the cerebral sphere things are different (brainier?). Despite the great advances being made in neuropsychology area the thought processes are the same mystery they always were. Since this is a vast and nebulous area "science" will accept that anything can happen THERE, providing it does not offend our super delicate notions, what- ever and/or when-ever those are. We can be thankfull for that since It leaves a tiny bit of room for new(?) ideas. But very little. 3 The position (or location) an item (such a noun) occupies in our per spicacious mentality IS significant. Hence, the location of a word in a sentence, a sentence in a paragraph, a paragraph in a chapter, etc. is important and significant. In fact words acquire their "meaning" from their location in our linguistic dialectics How a thing is said where and when it was said acquires a significance which is time and space dependant. Therefore, in our mental perceptions relative posit ions are important and sometimes all important. 4 The above is acceptable since mind is not physical, like solid mater ial things such as virtual particles, charge, spin, mesons, neutrin os, quarks, photons, etc. Things in the physical world are material and "different" or so we are told. That is both "simple" common sense and science. Or is it? Common sense is tomorrow's' science but it is today's "rubbish" and tomorrow's science. Today it is uncommon non sense. Common sense is rare but the norm is commonly accepted as com mon sense otherwise it is nonsense. When wearing a skirt over your face or an anvil in your ears is the style, why that is just "common sense"- - or the norm. 5 For example: Astrology takes the position that the arrangement of the planets (with respect to the Earth) is significant. Now, ever fool knows that THAT is absolutely unscientific. It is OK to predict the weather. As things presently are weather forecasting might be proper ly called whether forecasting. The Astrologists are more frequently correct. But "scientists" keep the score... not too honestly. 6 The main difference is that whether fourkasting requires a lot of our money. Satellites and ground equipments costing BILLIONS! Vendors of hardware love these smart people. Those allowed access to this "hard ware" are scientific, i.e. have a pH dees (in basketweaving?). What astrologers need is super expensive equipments and pHdees. Then they too, will be scienTific or maybee scien-terrific (depending on how much they have to spend.) It is the scientific instruments that makes the scientist just as trousers used to make the man before woman took to pance. You want more respect? If the spanish boots fit, wear it... in good health. 7 Our little universe used to be comprised of wheels and gears. But no more. Now, it is made out of hugh pieces of void. It is full of part icles made of spin and charge most of which are mere mathematical points in space. But, often it is not only a charge that is spin ning but sometimes the reader's head. Some very nice particles have "naked charge". But these particles belong to the Puritan League of Decency because they are clothed in " virtual charges" - to keep them warm ... and pure (sic). The a-fore-said particles also have other strange behavioral patterns. The same said "particles" are said to have either position OR momentum. (They can have both - but only statistically.) 8 Now, I, the Author, find all of this quite agreeable. After all it is an invented of man (not woman?) and man is known not to be sane. I do not expect the universe to behave in the same "rational" manner as man. The physical world is full of contradictions - and IT has no problems what-so-ever with them. It is "our" (human?) (sic!) mind which has problems with "contadictions". The mind is designed to be "rational" [OUR kind of (IR)rationality]. My objection is that when I present MY CASE YOU are going to come up with some thing ir-rational like this: "It is not logical, it is not rational. IT RUNS AGAINST ALL I HAVE BEEN TAUGHT". Well, just because an item is irrational or illogical does not mean it is untrue. (But, it is untrue to X because that is NOT what X WAS TAUGHT.) We (i.e. you) will get to the gist of the matter soon enough. 9 This book sets out to prove, and does prove, that "THE POSITION OF AN ITEM, WITH RESPECT TO A MARKER (SOME OTHER ITEM) MIGHT CONVEY INFORM ATION AND CAN (ALMOST ALWAYS) BE MADE TO CONVEY INFORMATION". That statement is, at least, as reasonable, rational, and logical as anything that science has to offer. But, it may be harder to swallow because it is new, e.g you did not learn that in school. ({[Now, I am talking of the everyday physical world which we are all familiar(!?) with... or so we think until we get education.]}) 10 The subject of this book is POSITIONAL TRANSDUCTION METHODAOLOGY and Tagged Systems are a members of this genetic class. The fundamental proposition underlying Positional Transduction Methodology or PTM is: THE POSITION OR LOCATION OF AN ITEM, WITH RESPECT TO A MARKER, MIGHT CONTAIN (OR CAN BE MADE TO CONTAIN) INFORMATION. This is be proven in the material which follows. 11 The above statement should not be construed to mean that any position or location of an item, or items, must necessarily contain informat ion. It might or then again, it might not..... 12 The material which follows (in this book) deals with one dimensional space or time (which herein is assumed to be one dimensional), but, not with both of them simultaneously since that would be two dimens ional. That is not to say that two, three, four and more dimensions can not be dealt with. But not here, maybee in another book. (I, the Author, deem that to be completely outside the scope of Books 1 - 4.) The material presented is sufficiently complex so that you will find the addition of such exceedingly extaneous and difficult material to be wholly undesirable. 13 This book concerns itself entirely with basic Positional Transduction Methodology (PTM). Because this material is really new, novel, and completely unknown to you, you might consider it to be wholly (not holy) esoteric and impractical, or stated more bluntly:- worthless. This is the attitude that rejects all things new.... because they are new. That is the so called "conservitive" attitude which seeks to conserves all things obsolete. If that is YOUR attitude:- - cut your throat with a dull knife. Said knife is not supplied. 14 Once or twice upon a time, two complete Positional Transduction Meth odology Systems were built to test the material presented herein. The results of comprehensive tests showed (i.e. proved) that PTM Systems ARE very efficient, very cost effective, very flexible. In addition, these systems have many other features which are not merely very desirable, but absoletely essential TO THE MODERN WORLD which is rapidly moving into state run terrorism. This paragraph might be con stantly borne in mind while reading this text. It will help you dis pel any idea that PTM Systems are "paper systems", i.e. are not "real or practical" systems.] 15 When anything new is presented "to da woild" there promptly appears in the mind of "smarts peepholes" all sorts of imaginary reasons why "it wont woik", this is another of Lewis Carrol's Anglo-Saxon atti tudes. (Read the history of the world, or Through the Looking Glass.) This is a very real obstacles to comprehension - and presentation. The "experts" are the first (and laudest) to object - - at the top of their voice. And why shouldn't they? They have the most to lose: (1) face, (2) statue, (3) jobs, and last but very far from least: their EGO, etc. THEY will be reduced from expert to EX-expert. They don't seem ever to understand that the best way of avoiding that fate is to be the first to recognize that the new and novel is often also the better. In that way they (if they study) can get on to the bandwagon and catch up with the the young students, the hackers, hams, etc, be fore it is too late to, at least, precede the crowd. (In retrospect many of these do not appear very "bright", i.e. they are no "shining examples" of "intellect". The exceptions prove the generalization.) 16 The inventor (and Author in this case) is under the necessity of "re moving" all (of the "infinit" number of) the objections that can pos sibly arise. Each and every one of these objections that might pos sibly arise must be anticipated and each and every objection must be refuted, i.e. knocked out (even before it is stated!). This takes a lot of space (text) and demands patience and preseverance from the reader [who is making this demand consciously or unconsciously.) The obstacles set up in the minds (of the reader, by the reader, and for the reader) are not trivial and must be removed. The objections must be removed one by one until none remain... if that is possible. The problem is greatly exacerbated because the reader needs to possess a complete grasp of, at the very least, of the entire Positional Trans duction Methodology Systems before he or she can make a valid decis ions but is barred from doing so until all the material has been pre sented. Until then a valid overview is not possible. UNTIL THEN YOUR JUDGEMENT MUST BE SUSPENDED. But "judgements are made first and facts come laters. (But, since the judgement HAS BEEN made why bother with the facts? 17 When the telegraph was first invented it was not possible to foresee all the consequences that were to follow. (It must be borne in mind that the original telegraph would appear to us as a crude and super- clumsy system.) In the same way the initial presentation of Position al Transduction will appear to be crude, clumsy, and impractical. All of this is true. But, this is fundamental base (and only) upon which we can build. The final result is very far indeed from the initial material from which it was developed as any one can see. The baby is always weak but that does not mean that we can conclude what she will be like when he grows up. 18 The preceding disclosures of the fundamental definition of Positional Transduction Methodology supplies the reader with an exceedingly terse definition which she or he does not begin to know how to employ (or even really understand). The definition is only useful as a basis to start from. In this case, this will be, a slow and detailed pro cess. Each step along the way must be carefully explained, sometimes illustrated with examples and even drawings, graphs, tables, etc. All of this can tax the readers' patience and attention span. 19 Very often it not possible to explain an item - at THAT point in the discusssion. More information may have to be first supplied and that may not be posible at that point. The text may indicate that an more complete explanation is forthcoming but not immediately. It is an un comfortable situation for both of us. You might be of the opinion that the explanation ought to be complete while I, the Author, cannot offer an answer because YOU need to know some things which it is not possible to convey until later. There is nothing I can do. You must accept my statement that the solution will be given - but only after other material has been presented. (So you must wait and suspend a decision.) Even better read the material twice, once to take in the overall presentation and the second time to grasp the details. The basic Positional Transduction Methodology concepts take us around in a circle. It is all inclusive and no matter where you start you must go around the complete circle to have "seen all". There is no better place to begin than the one we started from since the circle has neither beginning nor end. 20 The fundament definition (given in paragraph 10) of Positional Trans duction Methodology might seem like very flimsy grounds upon which to base many systems. But, then Morse Code might have once seemed to be an equally flimsy. grounds upon which to build telegraphy. Systems are not built around their hardware - their hardware is built to conform to the system's concepts. This last statement is proven by the fact than many Enjineers and PhDs believe that code is the only possible manner in which data can be transmitted over a digital system! Such people proclaim that code is fundamental to ALL digital systems. I have no expectations of convincing such individuals that codeless systems are not only possible but are far more effective in all sorts of ways. That will require a new generationto replace this one. (But, in one way THEY are right:- data is transferred over code less systems, it is not transmitted - only Tags are transmitted. 21 Certain characteristics of code systems are now regarded as immutable characteristics of all, any, and every kind of "electronic system". These are characteristics which are entirely true for code systems but are (mostly) untrue of PTM (and some other) systems. They are:- 1a) Data can only be routed through Mass-Access systems by switching; 1b) Therefore, all Mass-Access systems have Switching Centers; 1c) In computers these are called Central Processing Units or CPUs; 2) Self routing is regarded as impossible. 22 There are many other characteristics which are inherent in code sys- tems. To give an example:- A) The number of bits required to send a code is related to the size of the code set by the relationship: [N=2n]; B) This the theoretical minimum number of bits unless mapping is emplyed. [PTM systems never use mapping.] 23 (It might be noted in passing, that most electronic Engineers, et al, know that Quntum Physics exists - but they firmly reject its concepts - if they are to be applied to their "science". Theirs is a separate [and isolated?] compartment of Science.) 24 From the viewpoint of the ordinary Engineer, Positional Transduction Methodology is a morass of quantum-like impossibilities. It, too, is firmly rooted in probability, statistics, etc., and is aleatory and chancy. Electronic enjinears and pHdees find this simplly outrageous, indecent, heretical. This type of engineer (there ARE others) will without examination, state (with perfect assurance):- "It Wont Work, it cann't work". (They should add "it better not work".) We pronounce it impossible. It's alright for the universe to work that way - but not man made systems!" They are quick to disregard the fact that two complete systems DID work that-a-way. Probability and improbability are two faces of the same coin. To talk of the statistiical probabil ity is exactly the same as talking of that event's improbability. One is the obverse of the other, the face in the mirror. ON SYSTEMS 25 Probability and its mathematical statement, statistics, is one of the hardest concepts for the majority of people to grasp. To most, it is anti-intuitive. Most people (and that includes many pHDs and Engin eers) find it hard to understand and consequently apply it mechan ically, i.e. by root andwithout comprehension. But we need comprehen sion here. Under-standing should preceed calculations. When the Author's explanations do not convince you that the argument in quest ion is more than sufficient to meet the requirements of the situation then you will have to resort to statistal computations of the probab ilities in order to convince yourself of the correctness of the Auth or's arguments. You may be in for some real suprises. 26 Positional Transduction Methodology is a generic group of non-determ inistic probabilistic methodologies. [It was originally titled ALE ATORY SYSTEMS!] It shall be shown, in Books 1 - 3, that when the par ameters are properly selected the operational efficiency of all members of this class of systems is excellent. It is far better than most living sceptics will ever be ready to admit. The efficiencies of all operations of PTM systems can, in fact, by far exceed the theor eticsal efficiencies of all code systems. You may now think this is a vast exaggeration but above statements will be proven true - later in this text. 27 The only other generally familiar set of systems are Code Systems and these employ what might be called "code logic". Neural Logic systems are first beginning to be seriously investigated but are generally unknown. The system about to be investigated in this text is another type of system whose logic is also unknown. It is nowhere to be found except for the contents of this book which is written to alter that. Still another unknown is a system I call THE TOTALLY IMPLICIT SYSTEM. It is related to PTM but is only discussed in the non-public section of this book, called, previously noted, the "SHEETS". 28 Neural Logic, which today is almost unknown to Engineers, is a system of logic which is now being developed by those studying the nervous system. It is based on connectivity. Routing is over fixed paths and is only slowly changeable - if at all. That is to say that the be havior of the system is based on the manner in which the nerve fibers make contact with each other and the particular fibers which are allowed to conduct (and the degree to which they conduct). The final result is that a (vast) number of inputs are reduced to a few out puts. The connectivity of such a system is a voting scheme! - a sort of dictatorship of the majority. In this scheme determination is indeterminate. The importance of these types of systems lies in their ability to reach decisions. 29 The engineering community have much to learn from neural logic(s). Of all known logics this one is the most resistant to noise, the engin eers' worst enemy. It dominates only in the biological fields today - but it holds out hope of applications in engineering in the future because of its ability to function in the presence of noise and ach ieve agreements which seem impossible to other forms of logic. (Con ventional or code based computers can handle neural logic only with extreme difficulty, but PTM machines can handle it with ease.) 30 As stated above, the systems under consideration belong to the gener ic class "PTM SysTems" As was also noted these are a totally new class of systems. (Note the plural, i.e. the class is singular, but systems is plural.) The SysTems we are going to discuss and describe are mainly Mass-Access SysTems. These Mass-Access SysTems can serve very large numbers of subscribers. (107+ or more subscribers.) These subscribers can be either human or machines. The term Mass-Access" is herein applied to many types of SysTems:- communications, computer, control, AI, traffic, etc. which serve very large numbers of subscribers. Except for communications systems the other systems are never commonly regarded as "Mass-Access" - excepting the PTM Systems herein presented. The characteristic which will stand out is:- their efficiency INCREASES as the number of subscribers who are members of the system they serve increases. 31 An outstanding characteristic of all PTM SysTems is that they all are truly SIMULTANEOUS PROCESSORS. What is meant by the foregoing is that all PTM SysTems are capable of processing (executing) many operations simultaneously, i.e.in parallel. The number of simultaneous operat ions that can be theoretically be performed by a SysTem is very large (>>1020). This behavior is an inherent SysTem characteristic and is always present whether it is useful or required or otherwise. While it may not be useful in all SysTems, its presence need never inter feres with any operation. 32 A second characteristic is (previously mentioned) the inherent self- routing behavior of all PTM SYysTems. Data is routed (by the origin ator) to the receptor in the act of entering the receptor's Tag (ad dress) onto the transmission path. There are no switching centers to act as bottlenecks nor are there any delays due to switching (switch ing delays). This does not always mean that immediate contact is es tablished because the receptor might be "busy". However, if the re ceptor's terminal equipment is not in use then immediate contact is established, i.e. the receptor's phone will immediately "ring". The foregoing is only true for "private" subscribers. Large (comunicat ions) consumers' terminal equipments may behave somewhat differently. 33 Another characteristic of these SysTems is that very large number of subscribers co-share a common transmission path. The maximum number of subscribers who can co-share a common path is limited only by the bandwidth of the transmission path and/or the speed of the digital logic used to implement the system.. Wide band paths are required for large Mass-Access Systems serving a very large number of subscribers. No PTM SysTem employs "guard bands" which waste spectrum (bandwidth). 34 Each originating subscribers equipment, when in the sending mode, di rectly enters the message (for the receptor) onto the transmission path. (The receptor's equipment directly removes the data being sent to it's subscriber - and none other.) The message being sent must be entered only into unused locations ("nests") on the transmission path to prevent overwriting other subscribers data. The means to make this possible are built into all PTM SysTems. That means is a device call ed, by the Author, a UNIPLEXER. 35 No PTM SysTem requires either multiplexers or de-multiplexers. Never- the-less when the data on the transmission path is viewed by instru ments that data is seen be multiplexed - RANDOMLY! That is because in PTM SysTems data on the transmission path is actually RANDOMLY MULTI PLEXED! 36 The forth characteristic is that characters are sent in bursts. These bursts are received as bursts but are re-assembled so as to provide a smooth flow after reception. The duration of a burst is not fixed but is inherently variable. The duration of each burst varies from burst to burst - randomly. 37 The fifth and distinctive characteristic requires that we distinguish very carefully between the PTM SysTems and the termnial equipments connected to these SysTems. The terminal equipments require and gen erate code inputs and outputs since they are standard terminals. But PTM SysTems do not transmit codes. The only data that ever appears on the transmission paths are TAGS! THAT is the fifth distinction. 38 Should we scrutinize the data which appears on the transmission path of a basic Positional Transduction Methodology system (with instru ments such as an oscilloscope) we would see groups of bits. If we could read these groups of bits we would find that that each group was a TAG (usually an address) and not a code. Codes never appear on PTM transmission pathes (There are no exceptions.) PTM SysTems are always code free. 39 There always is an interface between any PTM SysTem and any subscrib ers' terminal equipments. This interface is part of the hardware sup plied with each uniplexer to each subscriber. This interface accepts code data from the subscriber's terminal and converts that code into into PTM "language". It also accepts the arriving PTM language (dir ected to that subscriber) and converts it into code, which code is then delivered to the subscriber's terminal equipments. The uniplexer therefore also acts as interface that permits standard code terminal equipments to be employed with PTM SysTems [even though these PTM systems do not transfer code internally.] 40 The foregoing characteristics are characteristic of all PTM SysTems. These characteristics are equally applicable to communications, control, traffic, AI, and computer SysTems, etc.. PRACTICAL ASPECTS. 41 It is taken for granted, by this Author, that you, the reader, might simply regard PTM systems as (at best) an interesting curiosity and /or (at worst) a very dangerous doctrine (i.e. a doctrine that is a danger to ones livelihood or, even worst yet, to ones ego. [Some of us "obsolete oldsters" might still remember what happened when tubes were "out" and transistors were "in". Suddenly many of OUR col leagues were no longer OUR colleagues. That was bad enough. But if code technology is replaced by Positional Transduction Methodology - an awful lots of our associates might be forced to retire because there are those at the "bottom" who aspire to the "top". These will be they who wasted their time studying (this text) while those on "top" has no time to waste (on such trash). So, those on bottom will end up by shoving those on the top out. (Hey, its a long way down - and it hurts when you hit bottom.) 42 Now, I know most of my readers are practical(?) people and not crack ed-pots (like the Author). As very dull, but "practical" people, you should know that progress is nice, e.g. when it does not come home to roost. You might even heartily approve of progress - for others, of course. Dollars always come before sense. Hold on now, you paid good money for this book. Read it. You might learn something. Do not throw out this baby because it dirties its diapers. (And leaves YOU to wash them.) Babies are nice - in spite of that. 43 The following items are submitted below for your consideration, even though the Author knows that at this point it is a boast (since it is not PREceded by proof). These presented below to help arouse and hold your interest until such time as you have acquired a sufficiently deep understanding of Positional Transduction Methodology that proof becomes meaningful. Until then it's boasts first, proof later: 44 ITEM: The employment PTM for communications can greatly increase the amount of data that can be sent over a transmission path (compared to code). [The same bandwidth is assumed in both cases.] This is un- questionably very desirable but is only one aspect of systems. [But, keeping ones eyes transfixed on one aspect of a system can blind one to other aspects.] 45 ITEM: The amount of (fiber optic) wire or cable required for the ex isting analogue type of local telephone systems is very much greater than the amount of wire required for a PTM SysTem that will serve the same, or greater, number of subscribers. (PTM SysTems can easily re place analogue systems.) Analogue systems require over a hundred times more "wire" than does an equivelent PTM SysTem. This makes PTM very cost effective since the cost per message (phone call) would be very much less to both subscriber and supplier. 46 ITEM: Because the total amount of transmission path is small, see above, the cost of maintainance should be proportionally less but the cost is lower than that for the following reasons:- The transmission path is comprised of a wire within a shield and not the bundle of wires within a lead sheath. Repairing a break in a wire-pair is very much quicker and much simpler than hunting through a bundel of wires to first find the wire which need repair before repairing it. Since there is no need to hunt for the particular wire which is assigned to a user as is the case in the today's telephone system, the repair time is essentially the time required to get to the break, short, or open. The actual time taken to effect the repair is the measured in seconds. 47 ITEM: Analogue systems have switching centers. These are comprised of building filled with switches and switching gear. There are sev eral very serious objections to switching centers:- (1) They are very costly; (2) they require expensive maintenance, (3) they introduce "switching delays" which render the switching system useless for some purposes, (4) they are bottlenecks. [A NOTE ABOUT BOTTLENECKS: as a result of a natural disaster (such the fire which occurred in the NYC telephone building several years back) an entire telephone exchange failed completely. AND-it took many months (almost a year) to restore service!! END NOTE] That could never happen to any Positional Trans duction Methodology system 48 ITEM: Subscribers who MUST have immediate access to another sub scriber (or that subscriber's site) cannot permit the switching mech anism to prevent immediate access. Such subscribers must rent "dedic ated lines" at lots of $$ per month per mile. This is usually such a very expensive proposition that it is avoided even if it requires ex pensive (but reliable) additional equipments to be purchased. ALL PTM SysTems provide immediate access without the need of having to buy dedicated lines. 49 ITEM: The telephone system provides its subscribers service over a "voice line". This is a bandwidth which varies somewhat from tele phone "company" to telephone "company", i.e. from different members of the Bell Trust (each of whoM pretends to be independant (sic).) Wider bandwidths are available for a fee (fie). The "voice" line you rent (by the minute) is neither phase nor amplitude flat. It is mar ginally acceptable for voice [but you cannot identify a voice heard over the phone as the voice you heard when talking to that person "in person".] The phase shift makes is use by machines difficult, and ex pensive hardware is required to correct the phase distortion that the phase shift introduces. There are no such problems with PTM SysTems. There are no bandwidth limitations i.e. any amount of bandwidth is instantaneously available. And, there are no phase shift problems since the lines are digital. 50 ITEM: Telephone systems are organized in "hierarchies" with Ma Bell controlling the two upper hierachies thus giving Ma Bells the control (monopoly) over "long distance" calls. [Monopolies are ssuposed to be illegal] (If you are in the right place "long distance" can be a few feet away.) The local loop has been turned over to "private" (sic) companies. None of this exists with PTM SysTems, yet. But, it will as soon as the money boys get their hands on it. 51 ITEM: PTM SysTems offers many new services which are vital to our modern world and our new life styles. There are far too many to list here. The telephone system can not offer the many new services re quired without very expensive internal modifications. (See $ to $$$$) Positional Transduction Methodology offers more and better service are available with little or no change or charge. 52 ITEM: Crypto services are required by banks, trusts, governments, and (rarely) spies. These are important for the new fascist style governments now becoming "the thing" in capitalist countries. The telephone system used by these "peep holes" (see J. Swift) is not very flexible. Not so with PTM SysTems; it will allow you to create as nasty a world as you please. Seig Heil. 53 ITEM: In the foregoing there has been no mention of computers, AI, control, traffic, recording systems, thinking machines, etc., etc. The foregoing statements are limited to Bell and Tag Communications Systems. Positional Transduction Methodology is not limited to com munications systems. COMMENTS ON THE TEXT 54 A few (thousand more) boring comments might be of interest to some. So hear goes. 55 The text (which will sooner or later follow), contains many examples and illustrations which are accurate in simple (and simplified) situ ations (which are rare in practice). They therefore should be taken with a grain (to a pound) of salt. (Be carefull, salt is bad for the hart.) The author, include these examples and illustrations to clar ify a point or situation. They are not always to be taken too liter ally. They are incorporated into the text because abstract concepts are not easy to comprehend - in their abstract form. The examples and illustrations serve to to embody the abstract in a more concrete and comprehensible fashion. These examples, hopefully, will, I hope, make the text much easier to understand. 56 An example of what I am talking about occurs in the basic presentat ion. A simple closed loop is presented as the network which will be employed throughout the text to illustrate THE typical network. This network is neither the "best" nor the worst; it is merely typical. It is only one of many networks which can be used. But since we are concerned with PTM SysTems we do not want to go off on whole bunches of tangents and get involved (up to YOUR ears) in networks. For this reason one typical network was chosen as THE NETWORK to be used throughout the entire book. This avoids the necessity of going into endless detail about every conceivable network. We deal with one and only one network and do not waste time with extraneous material. {NOTE: there are many networks which can be employed by PTM systems. These vary from a single simple link to complex networks.} But, this is not a book on networks. 57 The fundamental INTENT of this book is to try to force my readers to understand how PTM works. For that reason it is not a "how-to" book nor is not intended to be a design manual either. Enough information is presented to make it possible for those who have understood the basics to construct simple working SysTems. There is much material of a practical nature which cannot be included in a text intended for the general public. This material is prietary which I do not wish to disclosed until I have obtained patents on them, if I ever do. Some ofsuch material is included in those sections which are called herein THE SHEETS and which is only available to the "privileged" few, who at this moment is comprised of only one person, i.e the Author. (And may never comprise more.) To keep a secret:- shut up. 58 The first part of this book is a broad introduction to the fundament als of Positional Transduction Methodology. The fundamental premise gives no clear hint of the usefulness of PTM. The subject is discuss ed as if today's electronic means are the best and only means of implementation and will remain unchanged forever. We know that this is not so since PTM can be equally well implemented by other means, such as optronics. The Author is not concerned with the particular means employed in implementation. The hardware Electronics described is today's electronic hardware because it is the technology commonly employed today. And is therefore commonly understood. 59 As is noted above the fundamentals are not given exclusively in their purely abstract form. In that form they would require you to be eith er a lawyer, a logician, or trained (or self trained) philosopher in order to understand what is being said. Since I want all my readers to understand me I am avoiding the "deep and profound" approach. That is for pHDs who have nothing to say and long words to say it with. If the boot fits.. try on the other one. 60 The introduction to PTM is also an introduction to a whole new vocab ulary. This vocabulary will have to be learned and remembered. The standard vocabulary is only standard for code technology and is use less to those studying and discussing PTM. The code vocabulary is full of glosses (terms) that are full of code nuances, implications, innuendos, allusions, etc. We need a vocabulary which is totally FREE of CODE nuances, implications, etc. The vocabulary that we shall develop will have PTM innuendos and nuances as a proper PTM vocabu lary should.. It takes time and considerable effort to acquire this new vocabulary. The effort is justified because it minimizes future confusion(s) by assigning very specific PTM meanings to PTM glosses. Without these new glosses there is very little possibility of grasp ing the subtle distinctions that are vital for comprehension. The readers might be helplessly lost without the definitions which appear throughout the text and re-appear in the Glossary. It is there for your use. Use it. 61 The definitions when they first appear should is carefully studied to discover the DIFFERENCES between the definitions which are given and the definition you are familiar with. It is these differences which are important. Some readers will find that they have to examine the definitions with extreme care or they will miss the distinctions. The more you know of electronics the harder it will be to discover the difference between the old familiar code definition and the new PTM definition. You have been warned. 62 All PTM SysTems described and discussed herein are 100 % digital Sys Tems. External examination of these SysTems (with an oscilloscope for example) will disclose little differences from code systems. All that will be observed is that the data flowing over the lines are compris ed of bits and that these bits appear in groups of N bits (which are not bytes). THAT is exactly what you should expect to see when any you examine any binary digital system whatever. Therefore, digital bits should be all that will be observed. Do not be surprised to see digital data. Digital systems appear digital. 63 It is going to take some time before you become comfortable with the idea that data can be generated by one subscriber and received by an other subscriber without any code being transmitted. That this can be done by a vast number of subscriber simultaneously is initially per plexing and bewildering - especially since Tags are entered into any desired and vacant spaces, apparently at random. In fact, we talk of data and messages being transferred and not transmitted for simple reason that that is what we are doing. This was illustrated in the analogies in the opening chapter of this book. 64 You will find you will have a very strong tendency to revert to code type thinking. You will often find yourself thinking along code lines and never notice it! But, if you work at it, you will slowly overcome this habit. This tendency has to be watched for - and fought. 65 PTM can be looked at from the viwpoint that the PTM methodology is a type of "program" which requires specialized hardware:- PTM hardware. The software "mechanism" employed to transfer data from one subscrib er to another can be regarded as " data transfer program". There are some readers who will find this way of regarding the sysTem as help ful; some others will not. If it helps you do not hesitate to use it. It IS a valid viwpoint. 66 The text will start from the simplest system and progress to the more complex PTM SysTems. All Positional Transduction Methodology systems employ Tags of various types in order to transfer information and in structions. The method of employing Tags is therefore emphasized. The SysTems presented, especially in the first systems, are not practical SysTems. They are not and are not supposed to be practical or effici ent. They are Teaching Systems. They are presented to teach you the basics. They are equiped with full definitions and examples. 67 These first Teaching Systems have serious flaws. You will have to ig nore these flaws - initially. These flaws will be corrected but that can not always be done immediately. You must wait until new material can be presented to you. It only then becomes possible to show you how just how the new material is employed to correct the flaws men tioned above. At times you will have to read on for quite a while be fore the means of correcting some types of flaws can be presented to you. The Author is quite aware of these flaws - and describes how to remove them but, that may occur many pages later, or even in the next book. 68 Positional Transduction Methodology SysTems have (a seemingly) unique and very special characteristic. It seems to always surmount "Insur mountable problems" much better than "easily" solved problems. Insur mounted problems are almost always extremely easily surmounted. Some of the "lesser" problems can be more difficulty. So when some problem seems insurmountable you can be almost "certain" that such are easily surmounted! 69 All codes are basically identical. That is, the only real differences from one code to another is the number of bits which comprise a char acter. Just what any configuration of bits mean is a wholly arbitrary choice. But once the choice is made (collectively) we are stuck with it because that choice is built into mechanical mechanisms that are hard and expensive to change. But, the assignment of an arbitrary meaning to code is not a real change; it just changes one arbitrary X to another arbitrary X. 70 Positional Transduction Methodology is completely different from code in that there are a very large number of distinct manners (called MODES* herein) in which PTM SysTems can be made to operate. Each mode is a unique method of operation. Indeed, each mode can be considered as a separate and distinct invention. Messages sent in one mode can not be read when the receptor's equipment is set to receive a differ ent mode. But, most of the time several different modes are operative concurrently. (This is precisely what one would expect from a soft warelike SysTem.) This is one of the many things that make PTM technology so difficult to explain. There are too many ways to use PTM. Therefore, only a few of these methodologies can be explained in this book. And even those few can drown the reader in excessive de tail. You will discover soon enough that there are fundamental dif ferences in the ways different PTM "modes" are employed. More than sufficient information is given to satify (or confuse) even the most fastidious reader so care is recommended. Above all, do not scan. There is no Alky-seltzer for mental indigestion. [Additional modes are given in the Sheets.] 71 The materials present in these books requires thought since it is not comprised of predigested pap. This is no university course. In order to read (understand) the material that follows, one has to be liter ate, i.e. be able to understand what s/he reads! This rules out many potential readers and some professors. (Literacy is more than just the ability to read since computers can now "read".) 72 The presence of Positional Transduction Methodology throws new light on systems in general and code systems in particular. In particular, PTM makes it very apparent that a sharp distinction must be made be tween codes and the systems that employ these codes. Up to now the two have tended to be confused. Distinctions between the various code systems can be seen to be relatively minor now. This made much more apparent by the great diversity and uniqueness of PTM SysTems. There is really no such thing as Positional Transduction Methodology; it is never singular: - it is always plural. It should be called "Posit ionals Transductions Methodologies." But it isn't. It's too awkward. 73 Only a few of the Positional Transduction Methodology Modes are pre sented in Book 1. Each addition book will present some new PTM Modes. This is done because each mode builds upon previously presented data. New modes cannot be easily comprehended except in the light of previ ously presented information. Like any other building one floor stands on the lower floor.